During his time at Harvard University, Solomon conducted research into avoidance learning.
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The responses of rainbow trout to noxious stimuli were observed in an avoidance learning task.
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In 1948, Hobart Mowrer accepted a research-only position at the aversive conditioning or avoidance learning.
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Avoidance learning in octopuses has been known since 1905.
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His research covered many areas of experimental psychology, including exploring avoidance learning in dogs and people, and studying the effects of punishment on subsequent behaviors.
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Rats that lack the gene stathmin show no avoidance learning, or a lack of fear, and will often walk directly up to cats and be eaten.
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However, illness was not necessarily prerequisite for food avoidance learning in these species, for highly concentrated but non-toxic bitter and sour tastes also induced robust taste aversion learning and retention.
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Moreover, avoidance learning, which involves the subject learning that a particular response leads to prevention of an aversive stimulus, is correlated with a definite increase in activation of Erk, Elk1, and " c-fos " in the hippocampus.
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Shore crabs ( " Carcinus maenas " ) also show motivational trade-offs; they will discard a valuable resource ( a preferred shelter ) to avoid future encounters with painful stimuli, thereby indicating avoidance learning a key criterion of the ability to experience pain.
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These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements.
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